Using Bone tool animation in Animate

Inverse kinematics (IK) is a way of animating objects using bones chained into linear or branched armatures in parent-child relationships. When one bone moves, connected bones move in relation to it.

Inverse kinematics lets you easily create natural motion. To animate using inverse kinematics, you simply specify the start and end positions of bones on the Timeline. Animate automatically interpolates the positions of the bones in the armature between the starting and ending frames.

You can use IK in the following ways:

• By using a shape as a container for multiple bones. For example, you can add bones to a drawing of a snake so that it slithers realistically. You can draw these shapes in Object Drawing mode.

• By chaining symbol instances. For example, you can link movie clips showing a torso, arm, lower arm, and hand so that they move realistically in relation to each other. Each instance has only one bone.

Bone styles

There are 4 ways that Animate can draw bones on the Stage: 

• Solid. This is the default style.
• Wired. Useful when the solid style obscures too much of the artwork beneath the bone.
• Line. Useful for smaller armatures.
• None. Hides the bones to show only the artwork beneath them.

To set the Bone Style, select the IK span in the Timeline and then select the style from the Style menu in the Options section of the Properties panel. 

Note: If you save a document with the Bone Style set to None, Animate automatically changes bone style to Line the next time you open the document.

Pose layers

When you add bones to symbol instances or shapes, Animate creates a new layer for them in the Timeline. This new layer is called the pose layer. Animate adds the pose layer to the Timeline between existing layers to maintain the previous stacking order of objects on the Stage.

Add bones to symbols

You can add IK bones to movie clip, graphic, and button instances. To use text, convert it to a symbol first. The symbol instances can be on different layers before you add bones. Animate adds them to the pose layer.

Note: You can also break text apart (Modify > Break Apart) into separate shapes and use bones with the individual shapes.

As you chain objects, consider the parent-child relationships you want to create, for example, from shoulder to elbow to wrist.

Add bones to shapes

You add bones to a single shape or to a group of shapes that are on the same layer. In either case, you must select all the shapes before adding the first bone. After you add bones, Animate converts all the shapes and bones into an IK shape object and moves the object to a new pose layer.

After you have added bones to a shape, the shape has the following limitations:

• You cannot merge an IK shape with other shapes outside it.
• You cannot rotate, scale, or skew the shape with the Free Transform tool.
• Editing the control points of the shape is not recommended.

Once the shape becomes an IK shape, it has the following limitations:

• You can no longer transform (scale or skew) the shape.
• You cannot add new strokes to the shape. You can still add or remove control points from the existing strokes of the shape.
• You cannot edit the shape in place (by double-clicking it on the Stage.)
• The shape has its own registration point, transform point, and bounding box.

On-stage controls

On-stage controls allow you to easily make rotation and translation adjustments on the stage with the help of guides that show the rotation range and precise control. The on-state controls also allow you to continue working on the stage without having to go back to the property inspector to adjust rotation.

1. To start working with the on-stage controls, select the bone and use the head of the bone. 
2. To view the on-stage controls, roll-over the head of the bone. The head turns in to a four-way arrows or a plus symbol (X and Y axis) inside a circle. The arrows represent the translation attributes and the circle represents rotation attributes.
3. Click on the head of the bone and select the circle to edit rotation or select the plus symbol to edit translation attributes. 
4. To see the presence of interactive handles for rotation and translatsion at anytime, roll over the head of the bone. 
5. When you click on either the rotation or translation option, the on-stage controls to set the constraints are displayed. 

Using the rotation controls

To work with the rotation controls, do the following:

1. Click the bone head to see the rotation and translation tools.
2. Roll over and click the circle that represents the rotation tool. The circle turns red.
3. Click on the lock icon to enable free rotation. Lock icon turns to a dot.
   
4. Moving the cursor away from the center shows you one end of the rotation radius. Click on the point on which you want the rotation to start.
5. Move the cursor within the circle again to select the other end of the rotation radius. Click where you want that point to be.
   
6. Confirm the radius definition by clicking on the circle.

Note: When you edit the rotation that you have already defined, you can increase or decrease the borders by clicking on the line and dragging.

Using the translation controls

You can use the translation controls as follows:

1. Roll over the plus sign with four-way arrows and click on it to select the translation controls.
2. Click on the lock to enable the translation controls. The lock icon turns into a dot.
   
3. Click on an arrow head and drag it to the point to which you want the extend the range of movement.

Edit IK armatures and objects

You can’t edit IK armatures if the pose layer includes poses after the first frame of the Timeline. Before editing, delete any additional poses after the first frame of the armature in the Timeline.

If you are simply repositioning an armature for animation purposes, you can change positions in any frame of the pose layer. Animate converts the frame to a pose frame.

Select bones and associated objects

• To select an individual bone, click the bone with the Selection tool. Shift-click to select multiple bones.
• To move the selection to adjacent bones, click the Parent, Child, or Next/Previous sibling buttons in the Property inspector.
• To select all the bones in the armature, double-click a bone.
• To select an entire armature and display the properties of the armature and its pose layer, click a frame in the pose layer containing the armature.
• To select an IK shape, click the shape.
• To select a symbol instance connected to a bone, click the instance.

Reposition bones and associated objects

• To reposition a linear armature, drag any bone in the armature. If the armature contains connected symbol instances, you can also drag an instance. In this way you can rotate the instance relative to its bone.

• To reposition a branch of an armature, drag any bone in the branch.
• All the bones in the branch move. Bones in other branches of the armature do not move.
• To rotate a bone with its child bones without moving the parent bone, Shift-drag the bone.
• To move an IK shape to a new location on the Stage, select the shape and change its X and Y properties in the Property inspector. You can also Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (Macintosh) the shape.

Delete bones

Do one of the following:

• To delete an individual bone and all of its children, click the bone and press the Delete key.
• You can select multiple bones to delete by Shift-clicking each bone.
• To delete all bones from an IK shape or symbol armature from the Timeline, right-click the IK armature span in the Timeline and choose Remove Armature from the context menu.
• To delete all bones from an IK shape or a symbol armature on the Stage, double click a bone in the armature to select all bones. Then press Delete.IK shapes revert to normal shapes.

Move bones relative to the associated shape or symbol

• To move the location of either end of a bone within an IK shape, drag the end of the bone with the Subselection tool.

Note: The Subselection tool does not work if there are multiple poses in the IK span. Before editing, delete any additional poses after the first frame of the armature in the Timeline.

• To move the location of a bone joint, head, or tail within a symbol instance, move the transformation point of the instance. Use the Free Transform tool. The bone moves with the transformation point.
• To move an individual symbol instance without moving any other linked instances, Alt-drag (Windows) or Command-drag (Macintosh) the instance, or drag with the Free Transform tool. The bones connected to the instance lengthen or shorten to accommodate the new location of the instance.

Edit an IK shape

You can add, delete, and edit control points of the contours in an IK shape using the Subselection tool.

• To move the position of a bone without changing the IK shape, drag the endpoint of a bone.
• To display the control points of the IK shape boundary, click the stroke of the shape.
• To move a control point, drag the control point.
• To add a new control point, click a part of the stroke without any control points.
• To delete an existing control point, click to select it, and then press the Delete key.

Note: An IK shape cannot be transformed (scaled or skewed).

Bind bones to shape points

By default, the control points of a shape are connected to the bone that is nearest to them. You can use the Bind tool to edit the connections between individual bones and the shape control points. In this way you can control how the stroke distorts when each bone moves for better results. This technique is useful when the stroke of a shape does not distort as you want when the armature moves.

You can bind multiple control points to a bone and multiple bones to a control point.

• To highlight the control points connected to a bone, click the bone with the Bind tool.

  The connected points are highlighted in yellow while the selected bone is highlighted in red. Control points connected to only one bone appear as squares. Control points connected to more than one bone appear as triangles.

• To add control points to a selected bone, Shift-click a control point that is not highlighted.

  You can also Shift-drag to select multiple control points to add to the selected bone.

• To remove control points from the bone, Ctrl-click (Windows) or Option-click (Macintosh) a control point that is highlighted in yellow.

  You can also Ctrl-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (Macintosh) to remove multiple control points from the selected bone.

• To highlight the bones connected to a control point, click the control point with the Bind tool.

  The connected bones are highlighted in yellow while the selected control point is highlighted in red.

• To add other bones to the selected control point, Shift-click a bone.

• To remove a bone from a selected control point, Ctrl-click (Windows) or Option-click (Macintosh) a bone that is highlighted in yellow.

Constrain motion of IK bones

To create more realistic motion of IK armatures, you can control the freedom of motion of specific bones. For example, you can constrain two bones of an arm so that the elbow cannot bend in the wrong direction.

By default, each IK bone is assigned a fixed length when the bone is created. Bones can rotate around their parent joint and along the x- and y-axis. However, they cannot move in ways that require the length of their parent bone to change unless you enable x- or y-axis motion. By default, bone rotation is enabled and x- and y-axis motion is disabled.

You can also limit the speed of motion of a bone to create the effect of weight in a bone.

In armatures with strings of connected bones, you cannot contrain the motion of the last joint in any branch of the armature. To give the appearance of contraint of the last joint, use bones with movie clips and connect the last bone to a movie clip that has its alpha property set to zero. Then constrain the next-to-last bone instead of the last one.

Examples:

• For an arm, you could constrain the degrees of rotation of the elbow so that it cannot rotate beyond the normal range of motion of a forearm.

• To enable a character to move across the Stage, turn on X or Y translation on the root bone. Turn off rotation when using X and Y translation for more accurate movement.

You set these properties in the Property inspector when one or more bones are selected.

• To enable a selected bone to move along the x- or y- axis and change the length of its parent bone, select Enable in the Joint: X Translation or Joint: Y Translation section of the Property inspector.

  A two-headed arrow appears perpendicular to the bone on the joint to indicate that x-axis motion is enabled. A two-headed arrow appears parallel to the bone on the joint to indicate that y-axis motion is enabled. Enabling both x and y translation for a bone simplifyies the task of positioning the bone when rotation is disabled for the bone.

• To limit the amount of motion enabled along the x- or y-axis, select Constrain in the Joint: X Translation or Joint: Y Translation section of the Property inspector and enter a value for the minimum and maximum distance the bone can move.

• To disable rotation of the selected bone around the joint, deselect the Enable checkbox in the Joint: Rotation section of the Property inspector.

  This checkbox is selected by default.

• To constrain rotation of a bone, enter minimum and maximum degrees of rotation in the Joint: Rotation section of the Property inspector.

  The degrees of rotation are relative to the parent bone. An arc appears on top of the bone joint indicating the degrees of freedom of rotation.

• To make a selected bone stationary relative to its parent bone, disable rotation and x- and y-axis translation.

  The bone becomes rigid and follows the motion of its parent.

• To limit the speed of motion of a selected bone, enter a value in the Joint Speed field in the Property inspector.

  Joint speed gives the bone the effect of weight. The maximum value of 100% is equivalent to unlimited speed.

Add springness to bones

Two bone properties can be used to add springiness to IK bones. The Strength and Damping properties of bones give real physical movement to IK Bones by integrating dynamic physics into the Bones IK system. These properties allow easier creation of physics-enhanced animation. The Strength and Damping properties give bone animation life-like movement that is highly configurable. It is best to set these properties before adding poses to a pose layer.

Strength: The stiffness of the spring. Higher values create a stiffer spring effect.

Damping: The rate of decay of the spring effect. Higher values cause the springiness to diminish more quickly. A value of 0 causes the springiness to remain at its full strength throughout the frames of the pose layer.

To enable springiness, select one or more bones and set the Strength and Damping values in the Spring section of the Property inspector. The higher the Strength, the more rigid the spring becomes. Damping determines the rate of decay of the spring effect, so the higher the value, the faster the animation ends.

To turn off the Strength and Damping properties, select the pose layer in the Timeline and deselect the Enable checkbox in the Spring section of the Property inspector. This allows you to see on Stage the poses you have defined in the pose layer without the effect of the Spring properties.

The following factors affect the final look of your bones animation when working with the Spring properties. Experiment with adjusting each of these to acheive the final look you want.

• The Strength property value.

• The Damping property value.

• The number of frames between poses in the pose layer.

• The total number of frames in the pose layer.

• The number of frames between the final pose and the last frame of the pose later.

Animate an armature

You animate IK armatures differently from other objects in Animate. With armatures, you simply add frames to the pose layer and reposition the armature on the Stage to create a keyframe. Keyframes in pose layers are called poses. Because IK armatures are typically used for animation purposes, each pose layer acts as a tween layer automatically.

However, IK pose layers are different from tween layers because you cannot tween properties other than bone position in the pose layer. To tween other properties of an IK object such as location, transform, color effects, or filters, enclose the armature and its associated objects in a movie clip or graphic symbol. You can then animate the properties of the symbol using the Insert > Motion Tween command and the Motion Editor panel.

You can also animate IK armatures with ActionScript 3.0 at runtime. If you plan to animate an armature with ActionScript, you cannot animate it in the Timeline. The armature can have only one pose in the pose layer. That pose must be in the first frame in which the armature appears in the pose layer.

Hide editing controls during animation

Keeping all the on-stage controls always enabled can result in inadvertantly altering the positioning and the properties of your armature. After creating bones and armature for animation, you can turn off the armature editing controls and hints by selecting the Hide armature editing controls and hints checkbox in the property inspector.

Animate an armature in the Timeline

IK armatures exist on pose layers in the Timeline. To animate armatures in the Timeline, insert poses by right-clicking a frame in a pose layer and selecting Insert Pose. Use the Selection tool to change the configuration of the armature. Animate automatically interpolates the positions of the bones in the frames between poses.

1. In the Timeline, if needed, add frames to the pose layer of the armature to make room for the animation you want to create.

   You add frames by right-clicking (Windows) or Option-clicking (Macintosh) a frame in the pose layer to the right of any existing frames and choosing Insert Frame. You can add or delete frames later at any time.

2. To add a pose to a frame in the pose layer, do one of the following:

   • Place the playhead in the frame where you want to add the pose and then reposition the armature on the Stage.

   • Right-click (Windows) or Option-click (Macintosh) the frame in the pose layer and choose Insert Pose.

   • Place the playhead in the frame where you want to add the pose and then press the F6 key.

   Animate inserts a pose into the pose layer in the current frame. A diamond-shaped pose marker in the frame indicates the new pose.

3. Add additional poses in separate frames to complete the animation to your satisfaction.
4. To change the length of the animation in the Timeline, hover the mouse cursor over the last frame of the armature until the Resize cursor appears. Then drag the last frame of the pose layer to the right or left to add or remove frames.

   Animate repositions the pose frames in proportion to the change in duration of the layer and reinterpolates the frames in between. To resize the armature span in the Timeline without affecting the location of the pose frames, Shift-drag the last frame of the armature span.

When you finish, scrub the playhead in the Timeline to preview the animation. You can see the armature positions interpolated in between the pose frames.

You can reposition the armature in the pose frames or add new pose frames at any time.

Edit the location of poses in an armature

You can edit the location of poses in the following ways:

• To move a pose to a new location, Ctrl-click (Windows) or Command-click (Macintosh) a pose and then drag the pose to a new location in the armature.

• To copy a pose to a new location, Ctrl-click (Windows) or Command-click (Macintosh) a pose and then Alt-drag (Windows) or Option-drag (Macintosh) the pose to a new location in the armature.

• Cut, copy and paste. Ctrl-click (Windows) or Command-click (Macintosh) the pose you want to cut or copy and choose Cut Pose or Copy Pose from the context menu.

  Then Ctrl-Click (Windows) or Command-click (Macintosh) the frame in the armature span where you want to paste and choose Paste Pose from the context menu.

Apply additional tweened effects to IK object properties

To apply tweened effects to IK object properties other than bone position, enclose the object in a movie clip or graphic symbol.

1. Select the IK armature and all of its associated objects.

   For an IK shape you can simply click the shape. For linked sets of symbol instances, you can click the pose layer in the Timeline or drag a selection marquee around all of the linked symbols on the Stage.

2. Right-click (Windows) or Ctrl-click (Macintosh) the selection and choose Convert To Symbol from the context menu.
3. In the Convert To Symbol dialog box, enter a name for the symbol and choose either Movie Clip or Graphic from the Type menu. Click OK.

   Animate creates a symbol with its own timeline containing the pose layer for the armature.

4. To use the new symbol on the main timeline of your FLA file, drag the symbol from the Library to the Stage.

   You can now add motion tween effects to the new symbol instance on the Stage.

You can nest symbols containing IK armatures within as many layers of other nested symbols as necessary to create your desired effect.

Prepare an armature for runtime animation with ActionScript 3.0

You can use ActionScript 3.0 to control IK armatures connected to shapes or movie clip instances. However, you can’t control armatures connected to graphic or button symbol instances with ActionScript.

Only armatures with a single pose can be controlled with ActionScript. Armatures with more than one pose can only be controlled in the Timeline.

1. With the Selection tool, select a frame in a pose layer containing an armature.
2. In the Property inspector, choose Runtime from the Type menu.

The hierarchy can now be manipulated with ActionScript 3.0 at runtime.

By default, the armature name in the Property inspector is the same as the pose layer name. Use this name to refer to the armature in ActionScript. You can change the name in the Property inspector.

Add easing to IK animation

Easing is adjusting the animation speed in the frames around each pose to create more realistic motion.

1. Select either a frame between two pose frames in the pose layer or a pose frame.
   • Intervening frame: Ease affects the frames between the pose frames to the left and right of the selected frame.
   • Pose frame: Ease affects the frames between the selected pose and the next pose in the layer.
2. In the Property inspector, select a type of ease from the Ease menu. 
   • Simple eases: Four eases that slow the motion in the frames either immediately after or before the selected frame. 
   • Start and Stop eases: Slow the motion in the frames immediately after the prior pose frame and the frames immediately before the next pose frame. 

Note: These same ease types are available in the Motion Editor when you use motion tweens. You can view the curve of each type of ease in the Motion Editor when you select a motion tween in the Timeline.

3. In the Property inspector, enter a value for the Strength of the ease.

   The default Strength is 0, which is equivalent to no easing. The maximum value is 100, which applies the most significant easing effect to the frames preceding the pose frame. The minimum value is -100, which applies the most significant easing effect to the frames immediately after the preceding pose frame. When you finish, preview the eased motion on the Stage. Scrub the playhead in the Timeline between the two pose frames where you applied the ease.